Trinidad and Tobago has traditionally generated the majority of its revenue from its once-buoyant oil and gas sector. However, despite recent growth in the manufacturing and non-energy sector, the sharp decline in energy revenue has seen the government struggle with fiscal measures to keep the economy afloat. For example, despite amendments to the Property Tax Act, the mechanisms are still not in place to accurately assess and collect property taxes. Amid calls from the private sector for the T&T Revenue Authority to improve efficiencies surrounding tax administration, the government announced a tax amnesty in 2019 for the period June 15 to September 30. This amnesty granted taxpayers the opportunity to settle outstanding liabilities and obligations for the years up to and including 2018, without accruing penalties or interest.
Tax Framework
The local fiscal regime is based on self-assessment and voluntary compliance. It includes a mix of direct taxes (i.e. tax remitted directly to the government by the person onto which it is imposed) and indirect taxes (i.e. tax passed onto customers as part of the price of the purchase of the goods or services collected by an actor in the supply chain and remitted thereafter to the government). For individuals, direct taxation takes the form of income tax imposed via the pay-as-you-earn (PAYE) method for employees and quarterly instalments for self-employed persons. For corporations, direct taxation takes the form of corporation tax, business levy, green fund levy and petroleum taxes. Both individuals and corporations are also subject to withholding tax, a method of taxation collected at source, which applies to qualifying payments made to non-residents. The indirect taxes T&T imposes are value-added tax (VAT), financial services tax, insurance premium tax, hotel accommodation tax, Customs and excise duties.
Recent Changes
An amendment to the Income Tax Act was passed on December 11, 2018. This facilitates the sharing of taxpayer information with certain state entities and foreign institutions subject to certain international sharing arrangements. This legislation also provides penalties for breaches that occur in the use of taxpayer information obtained in accordance with the provisions of the act. Another significant development was the assent of the Finance Act No. 19 of 2018, which was enacted on December 31, 2018. This law amended the Stamp Duty Act to increase the threshold for exemption for first-time homeowners from TT$850,000 ($126,000) to TT$1.5m ($222,000). In light of this amendment, which came into effect on January 1, 2019 the following stamp duty rates are applied:
• 0% for first-time homeowners of residential property valued up to TT$1.5m ($222,000);
• 5% for residential property valued up to TT$1.75m ($259,000); and
• 7.5% for residential property valued over TT$2m ($295,000). The Miscellaneous Provisions (Tax Amnesty, Pensions, National Insurance, Central Bank, Companies and NonProfit Organisations) Act of 2019 – which was assented to on June 25, 2019 – provides a waiver of penalties and interest on outstanding taxes due up to and including the year ending December 31, 2018, with the taxes to be paid prior to or during the period between June 15 and September 15, 2019. This period was subsequently extended further to September 30, 2019.
Individual Taxes
Persons who are resident, ordinarily resident or domiciled in T&T are taxed on their worldwide income, whether or not such earnings are remitted to T&T. A non-resident individual engaged in employment in T&T, however, is taxable only on income received in T&T for services performed in T&T, subject, where applicable, to the provisions of double taxation treaties (DTTs). An expatriate in T&T is considered to be a temporary resident for tax purposes if present in T&T for more than 183 days. Effective January 1, 2018 individuals with chargeable incomes of less than TT$1m ($148,000) will be liable to pay tax at the rate of 25%. Where the chargeable income exceeds TT$1m ($148,000), the rate of tax applicable is 30%. In accordance with the PAYE system, an employer is required to deduct income tax on emoluments paid to employees. An emolument is defined within the legislation to include all salary, wages, overtime, bonus, remuneration, perquisites, lodging, stipend, commission or other amounts for services, directors’ fees, retirement allowance, and pensions.
The social security tax, referred to as National Insurance (NIS), is deducted at source at varying rates. Employees under the age of 16 or over the age of 65 are exempt from contributing to this scheme. The maximum rate is TT$414.30 ($61.21) per week for monthly income over TT$13,600 ($2010); two-thirds is borne by the employer and the remaining one-third by the employee. Some 70% of NIS contribution is deductible by a resident individual in arriving at the chargeable income up to a limit of TT$50,000 ($7390), aggregated with approved pension and annuity.
A health surcharge is payable by all individuals and is deducted at source by employers. The maximum rate is TT$8.25 ($1.22) per week, where monthly income exceeds TT$469.99 ($69.44). Other individuals are required to pay the health surcharge quarterly at the maximum rate of TT$107.25 ($15.85) per quarter. Individuals under the age of 16 or over the age of 60 are exempt from the payment of the health surcharge.
A business levy of 0.6% is applicable to sole traders and self-employed individuals with gross income or receipts in excess of TT$360,000 ($53,200) per annum. A three-year exemption is granted from the year of commencement of business. The business levy is payable if and to the extent that the liability exceeds the individual’s income tax liability.
The following allowances are available to resident individuals in determining their chargeable income:
• Personal allowance of TT$72,000 ($10,600);
• Allowance of TT$60,000 ($8860) for tertiary education completed at a foreign institution;
• Pension/deferred annuity, aggregated with NIS, of TT$50,000 ($7390);
• 70% of NIS contributions;
• First-time homeowner allowance of TT$25,000 ($3690) per household for five years;
• Contributions under a deed of covenant, which receive a deduction equal to 15% of total income;
• Alimony paid as per court order/registered deed of separation; and
• Deduction on approved capital expenditure on guest houses. Tax credits are also available to resident individuals (these directly reduce the tax liability for the year), and include the following:
• Venture capital tax credit equal to 30% of investment;
• Tax credit on national tax-free saving bonds equal to 25% of face value, limited to TT$5000 ($739);
• Solar water heating equipment tax credit equal to 25% of total cost; and
• Compressed natural gas (CNG) conversion kit and cylinder tax credit equal to 25% of total cost.
Individual Tax Exemptions
The fiscal regime also offers categories in which individuals are exempt from tax, including:
• Severance payments received by a resident individual in respect of past employment in T&T may qualify for an exemption from tax on amounts received up to a maximum of TT$500,000 ($73,900);
• Local interest received by a resident individual on all classes of savings or other accounts with banks, financial institutions or other forms of deposit-taking institutions, is exempt from tax; and
• Tax credit is granted to T&T residents for taxes paid overseas on the basis set out in the legislation and existing DTTs for the particular type of income. Any shortfall of taxes deducted under the PAYE system can be settled without incurring interest, up until April 30 following the year of income. Individual tax returns are to be filed by April 30 of the year following the year of income. A six-month extension may be granted, following which a penalty of TT$100 ($14.77) accrues for every six months or part thereof that the return remains unfiled. Resident individuals earning only employment income are not required to file a tax return and therefore incur no late filing penalty.
Corporate Taxes
Resident corporations are taxed on their worldwide income. A company’s tax residence is determined by the location of its control and management. Non-resident companies carrying on a trade or business in T&T are subject to corporation tax on their income directly or indirectly accruing in or derived from T&T. A company is deemed to be engaged in or carrying on trade or business in T&T if it has an office or place of business, or a branch or agency within the country.
Local legislation does not reference the term permanent establishment (PE); however, this term is used in the treaty context and constitutes the threshold for the imposition of corporation tax on a non-resident company. Subject to the terms of given DTTs, a non-resident company would create a PE in T&T where it:
• Has a fixed place of business in T&T through which the business of the company is wholly or partly carried on; or
• Has an agent acting on behalf of the company, where that agent habitually exercises his authority to conclude contracts in the name of the company. A non-resident branch is subject to corporation tax on all income directly or indirectly accruing in or derived from T&T. In addition, branch profits, after the deduction of corporation tax and reinvestments other than for the replacement of fixed assets from the company’s chargeable profits, are subject to withholding tax at the rate of 5% (subject to the provisions of any applicable DTTs).
Effective January 1, 2018 the corporation tax rates are as follows:
• Ordinary companies (excluding banks) at 30%;
• Petrochemical companies/companies licensed to carry out banking business at 35%;
• Life insurance companies at 15%/0%/25%/30%;
• Petroleum production companies (petroleum profits tax) at 50%; and
• Petroleum production companies (deep sea) at 35%.
Business Levy & Green Fund Levy
Corporations are subject to a business levy at the rate of 0.6% of gross revenue or receipts, where the levy exceeds the corporation tax liability. Exemption is available for certain companies, and companies with annual turnover of less than TT$360,000 ($53,200). Companies are exempt from the business levy during the first three years after registration and on the gross sales or receipts, which give rise to profits that are exempt from corporation tax. A green fund levy of 0.3% on gross income is applicable to all companies and partnerships doing business in the country. Both levies are payable quarterly and neither is deductible in computing chargeable income. There is no credit due against corporation tax in respect of the green fund levy.
Withholding Tax
Withholding taxes on qualifying payments to non-residents are imposed at rates of up to 15%, depending on the nature of the payment, the status of the payee and the applicability of DTTs. Where the tax treaty rate is higher than the domestic statutory rate, the lower domestic rate applies. No withholding tax is imposed on payments made to non-residents who are engaged in trade or business in T&T, and on payments which are not deemed to arise in T&T.
VAT
The standard VAT rate applicable to commercial supplies is 12.5%. Basic food items and agricultural supplies incur a rate of zero, as do crude oil, natural gas, and exported goods and services. Certain basic food items and yachting services for non-residents are also zero-rated. A number of services are currently exempt from VAT, such as financial services, real estate brokerage, residential rentals and educational services. The VAT registration threshold for firms making commercial supplies is TT$500,000 ($73,900) for a 12-month period.
Property Taxes
The Property Tax Act was enacted on June 8, 2018, to which all land in T&T is subjected. Land is defined to include any area covered with water, and all buildings, structures, machinery, plants, pipelines, cables and fixtures erected or placed upon, in, over, under or affixed to the land. The applicable rates are imposed on the annual taxable value (ATV) of land, which vary based on the purpose/use of the particular property under the categories of residential, commercial, industrial or agricultural.
The Board of Inland Revenue, which oversees the activities of the Inland Revenue Division – a division of the Ministry of Finance – will determine the ATV using the annual rateable value (ARV) less such deductions as it sees fit for voids or loss of rent of 10% of the ARV. The applicable tax rates are as follows:
• Agricultural property at 1%;
• Residential property at 3%;
• Commercial property at 5%;
• Industrial plant and machinery housed in a building at 6%; and
• Plant and machinery not housed in a building at 3%. In accordance with the legislative amendments, the moratorium on the payment of property taxes was extended to September 30, 2017 or such later date as the minister may by order prescribe. Therefore, in the absence of another moratorium, from a legislative standpoint the tax is currently due. However, property tax is not a self-assessed tax, and since assessments have not been raised by the tax authorities (since the expiry of the moratorium) to date, there are no mechanisms in place to collect the applicable taxes.
Stamp Duty
A stamp duty is levied on instruments of all types, such as deeds of conveyance, mortgages, debentures, trust deeds, leases, insurance policies, annuity policies, agreements and share transfers executed in T&T. The rate of stamp duty varies from TT$25 ($3.69) on a trust deed to up to 7.5% on property conveyances.
Hotel Accommodation Tax
Hotels are subject to a hotel accommodation tax at a rate of 10% of the value of the accommodation.
Insurance Premium Tax
A tax on general insurance premium is imposed at the rate of 6%. Excluded are long-term life insurance, group life and group health, commercial insurance relating to ships and aircraft, loss of or damage to goods during international transit, risks arising outside T&T, and reinsurance.
Capital Gains
There is no capital gains taxes except on short-term capital gains of assets that were acquired and disposed of within 12 months of their acquisition. Excluded from these are gains on the disposal of any securities, and gains on vehicles and household goods disposed of for TT$5000 ($739) or less.
Dividend Income
Dividends received by a T&T firm from both resident and CARICOM subsidiaries and other similar corporations are exempt from the corporation tax and business levy, but are subject to the green fund levy. Dividends paid by a resident company to a resident company or resident individual will not be subject to tax.
Interest Income
Interest income received by a T&T resident company is generally taxable, with some exempt sources.
Royalty Income
Royalty income received by a T&T resident company is generally taxable.
Foreign Income
A company resident in T&T is subject to tax on its worldwide income. T&T has DTTs in place with a number of countries and certain CARICOM member states, which provide for either tax exemptions or credits against foreign tax payments.
Tax Depreciation
The legislation allows for a deduction for tax depreciation for corporations in the form of a wear and tear allowance. Fixed assets are categorised into one of four classes:
• Class A – Buildings and improvements, with a depreciation rate of 10%;
• Class B – Motor vehicles, furniture and fittings, and plants and machinery, with a depreciation rate of 25%;
• Class C – Certain heavy equipment, forklift trucks, oil rigs and computer equipment, with a depreciation rate of 33.3%; and
• Class D – Airplanes, with a depreciation rate of 40%. The allowance is calculated at the rate applicable to aggregate expenditure incurred on assets within the class based on a declining balance method.
Accelerated tax depreciation is granted to manufacturers in the form of an initial allowance at the rate of 90% on capital expenditure on plant and machinery. The allowance is granted in the year that the asset is first brought into use. Companies engaged in the production of sugar, petroleum or petrochemicals, or which enjoy concessions under the Fiscal Incentives Act, access this initial allowance at the rate of 20%. Tax depreciation is not required to conform to book/ accounting depreciation. Other capital allowances and tax depreciation include:
• A 130% wear and tear allowance for expenditure incurred in acquiring plant, machinery and equipment (excluding installation) for providing CNG kit and cylinder installation service;
• A 150% wear and tear allowance on the expense incurred in the acquisition of solar heaters, wind turbines and photovoltaic systems; and
• A 150% allowance on the expenditure actually incurred for companies that engage another company certified as an energy service firm for carrying out an energy audit for the design and installation of the energy-saving systems. Where the certified energy service company has acquired plant and machinery for conducting energy audits, it shall be granted an allowance of 75% of the cost incurred in the year of acquisition.
Start-up Expenses
No specific rules exist in the local legislation in respect of start-up expenses; however, generally, these expenses are not deductible.
Interest Expenses
Interest expenses incurred by a company in the production of its income are deductible. However, in the case of interest payable or paid by the firm, there are certain restrictions that exist in the tax acts, as well as in practice by the tax authority, that could restrict a company’s ability to deduct interest paid or payable in its computation of tax for a particular year of income.
Bad Debt
A provision for bad debt will be deductible for tax purposes where:
• It is incurred in respect of a revenue expenditure;
• It is made in accordance with acceptable accounting principles;
• It is specific; and
• It becomes bad in the year the claim is made.
Charitable Contributions
Charitable contributions under deeds of covenant to approved charities are deductible, up to a maximum of 15% of total income.
Fines, Penalties & Taxes
Fines and penalties are not generally deductible. Other than the supplemental petroleum tax, withholding tax and property tax, taxes or levies are not generally deductible in arriving at taxable profit.
Net Operating Losses
A trading loss may be carried forward indefinitely, to be set-off against future profits. Effective January 1, 2020 the tax losses carried forward by companies engaged in the petroleum production sector are restricted to 75% of its otherwise chargeable profits. A limited form of group loss relief exists, whereby current year losses may be surrendered to a claimant company within a group as defined. However, the claimant’s tax liability cannot be reduced by more than 25%. Such companies must be resident in T&T.
Foreign Affiliates
Subject to management fee restriction, a corporation engaged in business in T&T may claim a deduction for royalties, interest and service charges paid to foreign affiliates, provided the appropriate withholding tax is deducted and accounted for. To allow for the deductibility of the interest, the funds borrowed must have been utilised in the production of income and the recipient must be subject to tax in T&T or otherwise specifically exempt from local tax.
Management Charges
Deductions for management charges (as defined in the tax legislation) paid to a non-resident are restricted to the lower of the management charges, or 2% of deductible outgoings and expenses, exclusive of the charges. Tax depreciation, or wear and tear allowances, may not be treated as an expense for this purpose. Withholding tax may also be applicable to management charges paid to non-resident persons.
Foreign Tax Credit
In addition to relief under DTTs, foreign tax credits may also be available.
Group Taxation
While there is no provision for group taxation in T&T, a limited form of group loss relief is available.
Transfer Pricing
There are no specific transfer pricing rules in T&T. However, the legislation empowers the national tax authority to disregard any transactions that it views as artificial or fictitious. This general power has been utilised by the tax authority in dealing with related parties and large multinational companies to evaluate whether transactions are at arm’s length.
Thin Capitalisation
There are no thin capitalisation rules in T&T.
Controlled Foreign Companies
There are no rules for controlled foreign companies in T&T.
Additional Allowances
Other allowances or incentives in T&T include:
• Promotional expenses – 150% of the actual outlay incurred by local firms to promote the expansion of existing markets and/or the creation of new ones for the export of specified services or locally produced goods are tax deductible as an expense. Tax-deductible promotional expenses are defined as those expenses incurred in respect of specified services or goods produced in T&T. This includes items such as advertising in foreign markets, and participation in trade events. Effective January 1, 2020 this incentive was extended to first-time exporters;
• Scholarship allowance – Companies are allowed to deduct the actual expenses incurred in granting scholarships to nationals who are not employees, directors or associates of directors of the company for the purposes of pursuing tertiary education;
• Production company allowance – An allowance equal to 150% of actual expenses incurred in respect to the company’s own audio-visual productions for education, local entertainment or culture, is available;
• Sponsorship or acquisition of art and culture – 100% of the expense incurred;
• Sponsorship of sportsman/sporting activity – 100% of the expense incurred;
• Sponsorship of audio, visual or video production – 150% of the expense incurred;
• Sponsorship or promotion of the fashion industry – 150% of the expense incurred; and
• Training allowance – A company is allowed to claim a 150% deduction of expenses incurred in the training and retraining of the employees of the company.
Petroleum Operations
Petroleum operations are classified into the following types of business:
• Exploration and production (E&P) operations;
• Refining businesses;
• Marketing of petroleum products; and
• Manufacturing of petrochemicals. Companies engaged in E&P, refinery and marketing operations are assessable to petroleum profits tax at the rate of 50% (35% for E&P operations in deepwater) and the unemployment levy at the rate of 5% (no setoff for prior year losses is permitted in computing this liability). Companies marketing petroleum products and manufacturing petrochemicals are assessable to a corporation tax of 35%. The following capital allowances are available to E&P firms assessable to the petroleum profits tax and unemployment levy:
• Capital expenditure on exploration operations (land or submarine) incurred from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017 may be deducted in full in the year incurred (this provision is optional);
• Effective up until December 31, 2019, tangible and intangible exploration and development expenditure with an initial allowance at 50%, a second-year allowance at 30% and a third-year allowance at 20% computed on the expenditure incurred. Effective as of January 1, 2020 straight-line basis over five years is 20% per annum;
• A company engaged in exploration activities in a deepwater block is granted an uplift of 140% of capital expenditure incurred on drilling of exploration wells, on which capital allowances can be computed;
• The following capital allowances are available to refining businesses assessable to the petroleum profits tax and unemployment levy;
• An uplift of 120% on the expenditure incurred to acquire new plant and machinery on which capital allowances can be computed;
• An initial allowance of 20% on capital expenditure incurred on plant and machinery; and
• Annual allowance of 20% straight-line basis on the residue after the deduction of initial allowance. There is no timing in respect of claiming of allowances, e.g. on achievement of commercial production. A claim for capital allowances cannot be deferred.
Supplementary Petroleum Tax
The supplementary petroleum tax is chargeable on the gross income (derived from the sale of crude oil) less royalties and overriding royalties paid on the crude oil sold. This tax is computed separately in respect of land and marine operations and is a quarterly tax based on the actual gross income for each quarter. The supplementary petroleum tax is deductible in arriving at profits subject to petroleum profits tax.
Goodwill
Goodwill expense is generally not allowed in arriving at the chargeable income of a corporation.
Tax Holidays
Under the Fiscal Incentives Act of 1979, an approved enterprise, which must be a locally incorporated resident corporation, may be granted an exemption from corporation tax for a period of up to 10 years, depending on the category under which it is approved. Exemption may be total or partial. Subject to approval, profits may be distributed tax-free to shareholders, except in the case of certain non-resident shareholders, where the relief is restricted to the amount of tax that exceeds their liability in their country of residence. Net losses during the tax holiday period (i.e. the excess of total losses over total profits) may be carried forward for set-off without limitation for five years from the end of the tax-holiday period, after which the normal set-off provisions for losses apply. As of January 1, 2007, the tax holiday in respect of corporation tax is no longer granted.
Tourism Projects
Under the Tourism Development Act of 2000, approved tourism development projects (declared as such by the government), including hotels, are granted a tax holiday for periods of up to seven years. A company is allowed to carry forward any loss incurred during a tax-exemption period that was derived from the operation or renting of an approved tourism project. Such a loss can be written off against profits in accordance with normal income tax loss provisions, subsequent to the tax-holiday period.
Approved projects may also benefit from a capital allowance at the rate of one-fifth of the approved capital expenditure together with an accelerated depreciation at an approved rate. These are to be accessed in any five accounting periods during the eight accounting periods after the expiration of the tax exemption period.
Approved Mortgage & Other Companies
The profits of an approved company are exempt from corporation tax. The exempt profits, when distributed to shareholders, are exempt from corporation tax and income tax. Expenses incurred in the course of the approved mortgage business remain fully deductible.
Free Zones
The profits of an approved company operating in a designated free zone are exempt from the corporation tax, business levy and green fund levy. In addition, payments made by such companies to non-residents are free of the withholding tax.
Tax Returns
Companies are required to file a tax return with the tax authority by April 30 following the end of the fiscal period. An automatic six-month grace period is permitted, following which a penalty of TT$1000 ($147.74) is imposed for every six months – or part thereof – that the tax return remains unfiled.
Payment of Tax
The corporation tax, business levy and green fund levy are payable quarterly in advance on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31. Any balance of tax due is payable on or before April 30 of the following year. Instalments of corporation tax are based on an estimate of the current year’s liability or on the actual chargeable profits for the previous year, whichever is greater. By December 31 of a given year of income, in addition to the quarterly instalments calculated based on the prior year chargeable profits, the taxpayer must have accounted for and paid the Board of Inland Revenue 80% of the increase in its liability over that year. If the current year’s estimate is lower, the company may apply to the tax authority to reduce its quarterly instalment. The levy liabilities are based on the actual receipts for the quarter.
Additional Statutory Requirements
There is no statutory requirement for the audited financial statements to accompany the return. These may be prepared on an accruals or cash basis. Any other basis would require the approval of the tax authority. A company carrying on business in T&T is required to keep proper accounts and records, and is obliged to retain these accounts (in English and in T&T dollar) for a period of at least six years after the completion of the transactions, acts or operations to which they relate, or three years after the filing of its return (whichever is later).
Foreign Act
T&T is a signatory of the US Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act.
Customs Duties
Customs duties are imposed at varying rates on imported goods according to the classification in Schedules to the Customs Act. Import duties are imposed on the cost, insurance and freight value of the goods at the time of import.
However, there are provisions for exemptions in relation to specific goods. Excise taxes are imposed at varying rates on certain manufactured goods, including tobacco, alcoholic beverages and petroleum products.
OBG would like to thank PwC Trinidad & Tobago for its contribution to THE REPORT Trinidad & Tobago 2020
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