A good start: Bonds
Outline In November 2016 the executive board of the IMF approved a three-year, $12bn loan under an Extended Fund Facility (EFF) aimed at boosting the economy. According to a September 2017 IMF staff report on the aims of the development programme, the loan instalments are contingent on the government acting to tighten Egypt’s fiscal position, improve the business environment and liberalise the economy. Crucial goals of the EFF include the liberalisation of the exchange rate; elimination of the parallel market; stabilisation of the Egyptian pound; and containing inflation through monetary tightening, which largely affected the issuance of domestic bonds in 2017. Tapping the international










