The use of sophisticated algorithms in wealth management is leading to improved efficiency and transparency in the financial services sector, benefitting both providers and clients. In particular, so-called robo-advisory firms are disrupting the industry and helping to boost financial inclusion. Primarily concentrated in developed markets such as the US and the UK, the technology is starting to make inroads in other parts of the world as traditional financial institutions and tech start-ups seek to tap the segment’s potential.
The robo-advisory model allows customers to manage their wealth or retirement plan online by completing a simple questionnaire, which is automatically analysed and matched with a portfolio that has been autonomously generated by computers programmed to gather, grade and assess the performance of a range of investment vehicles. These robots are capable of machine learning that mirrors human thought processes, and this is then applied to vast data sets. While some critics of the model argue that digital interfaces mask the involvement of human labour in the processing of personal data, raising the issue of privacy, cognitive technology is guiding the newer generations of robots to adapt their behaviour according to each new data input, effectively allowing them to innovate without any human interference.
Automated financial services can undercut the fees charged by conventional fund management firms, making robo-advisers an attractive alternative for cost-conscious customers. Furthermore, while a client using a trusted and experienced human fund manager will benefit from the wisdom of one professional, a customer of a robo-adviser will benefit from the combined knowledge of multiple professionals. For providers, investing in robot technology will help them save on expenses that would otherwise be spent on human capital, such as salaries, commissions and office rentals. Moreover, the digital nature of the model allows firms to extend their services to a broader range of clients.
Performance
A 2019 report published by US media outlet Barron’s, in partnership with Backend Benchmarking, estimated that robo-firms had at least $440bn in assets under management globally. This was in large part due to a marked improvement in the performance of five major robo-advisory firms from the US; Betterment, Personal Capital, Schwab, Vanguard and Wealthfront attracted a combined $40bn in the first half of 2019, up from $25bn throughout 2018. US company Fidelity Go topped the report’s performance table, with a two-year annualised return of 7.26%, an equity-only rate of 9.20% and a fixed income-only rate of 4.02%.
One of the main appeals of robo-advisory services is the low or zero account minimum requirements, in contrast to human advisers, who typically require a minimum of $50,000 in assets. According to a 2017 report by Business Insider, US firms such as Betterment, Blooom and WiseBanyan; UK companies MoneyFarm, Wealthify and Wealth Wizards; and Canada’s Wealthsimple all have a zero minimum investment limit. Of the 13 major start-up robo-advisers in North America and Europe featured in the report, five offered services to business or institutional clients in addition to retail clients, while Wealth Wizards was the only company purely focused on business-to-business customers.
Competition & Consolidation
While tech startups were pioneers in the market, they are now facing increasing competition from legacy financial firms looking to offer similar automated services. As has been seen in the US market, tech start-ups are vying with established financial services players that have adopted sophisticated technology-driven platforms to offer new services to existing customers. With $20bn each in assets, Wealthfront and Betterment were among the top-five firms covered by Backend Benchmarking’s “The Robo Report” for the third quarter of 2019. The top player, with $140bn in assets, was Vanguard Personal Advisor Services, a combined automation and human offering of fund giant Vanguard. “More banks are considering robo-advisory as a way of digitising platforms and enhancing their overall offering for retail customers,” Khalid Saad, CEO of Bahrain FinTech Bay, told OBG. “It may be harder to sell the platform to very-high-net-worth individuals used to the services provided by private banks, but I believe some of these customers may have an appetite for robo-advisory. In years to come we will see more and more of these transactions in both the business-to-business and business-to-consumer sectors.” Bahrain FinTech Bay has partnered with the US’ Georgetown University and the University of California, Berkeley to provide training and certification in financial technology (fintech) with an eye to creating a Bahraini centre of excellence.
Given the high level of competition in the robo-advisory market, consolidation and fallouts are expected. In August 2018 US-based Hedgeable closed its advisory operations and transferred the funds to its custodian, Folio Investments. Despite its healthy portfolio, with $80m in assets under management and 1700 clients, the firm’s decision to shut down its investment services speaks to the difficulty small and mid-size companies face in acquiring assets. Hedgeable’s co-founders announced that the company will restructure its business going forwards. On both sides of the Atlantic robo-advisory firms are being bought by traditional financial service providers. For example, Wealthify was acquired by UK insurance company Aviva for £17m in February 2018, and in March 2019 Axos Financial completed its $3m acquisition of WiseBanyan, rebranding the robo-advisory service as Axos Invest.
Hybrid Model
As the robo-advisory market expands and companies optimise their services to compete for customers, there is a noticeable shift away from the traditional, wholly automated system. Financial services firms are increasingly adopting a hybrid model, in which some advisory services are offered by humans working in tandem with artificial intelligence technology. The transition from a pure robo-advisory model to a hybrid one can have a significant impact on tech start-ups, however. The UK’s Nutmeg, which launched in 2012, has 70,000 customers and manages £1.7bn in funds. In 2018 it adopted the hybrid model, employing human advisers for the first time. That year Nutmeg recorded losses of £18.6m, up from £12.4m in 2017, as it increased spending on staff, technology and marketing to attract new customers. Martin Stead, CEO of Nutmeg, told international press in October 2019 that the company expects to generate profit within three years.
Regulatory Sandboxes
The rise of robo-advisory services is supported by government initiatives aimed at strengthening the fintech sector. Regulatory frameworks for financial services industries around the world are being reformed to ensure that the sector remains investor-friendly in the advent of rapid disruptive innovations. A global fintech report jointly produced by the IMF and the World Bank in June 2019 analysed 35 regulatory sandboxes, in which new technologies can be tested in a controlled environment, and found that there were significant differences in the approaches used to manage innovation and consumer protection in financial services. Specifically, there were variances in the role and objectives of the frameworks analysed. Objectives ranged from the stimulating of innovation and competition in the UK; to ensuring regulations are fit for purpose in Singapore; identifying gaps in market products in Malaysia; and promoting financial inclusion in Bahrain and Indonesia. Notably, the report concluded that gaps remain in the legal framework for financial activities such as robo-advisory, suggesting that further improvements to regulation are needed. It also notes the importance of developing innovation hubs and accelerators to allow and support the exchange of ideas and the flow of capital. The World Bank is helping a number of countries to develop regulatory sandboxes, including India, Jordan, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam, as well as assisting in the drafting of legal reforms for the fintech industry in Colombia, Kenya, Mexico, Peru and the Philippines.
The presence of regulatory sandboxes can help countries nurture fintech innovation and thus robo-advisory services, while also acting as gateways into individual economies for international companies. “The developments that have happened in Bahrain over the last few years have been vital,” Saad told OBG. “When the Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB) launched the fintech sandbox in the summer of 2017, there was only one fintech company; now we have 35 firms from 19 countries using the regulatory sandbox.”
Wealth Tech
With large numbers of high-net-worth individuals, and a relatively young and tech-savvy population, GCC countries are ideally placed to foster the development of robo-advisory services. Plans to establish fintech sandboxes were announced by Kuwait and Qatar in late 2018, and by the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority in February 2019. In July 2019 the Financial Services Regulatory Authority (FSRA) of the Abu Dhabi General Market (ADGM) issued a regulatory framework for robo-advisers. Richard Teng, CEO of the FSRA, said in a press release that such services held significant potential to improve investment decision-making in the MENA region. “With this guidance, we aim to make it easier for digital investment businesses to operate in ADGM and in turn provide investors with greater access to tools to help achieve their financial goals,” he said. The segment’s growth potential has also been identified by financial institutions in the GCC. “Personalised robo-advisory services applied to the wealth-management segment are set to grow exponentially in the coming years,” Ziad Aba Al Khail, managing director of Saudi Arabia’s joint-stock firm Aljazira Capital, told OBG. “We forecast 25% of global wealth management services utilising robo-advisory by 2024.”
Islamic Finance
Robo-advisory is expanding beyond traditional markets as tech firms and start-ups look to tap the potential of the global Muslim population. In 2016 Wahed Invest was launched to provide Muslims living in the US with the opportunity to make sharia-compliant investments. The company expanded to the UK in 2018, and in 2019 it made inroads into the Gulf and South-east Asia. The Wahed app is now available in 130 countries, allowing anyone with at least $100 to create a portfolio that can be managed from their mobile phone. The company is a sandbox investment adviser with an office in Bahrain World Trade Centre, and was approved to join the CBB’s fintech sandbox in December 2017. In July 2019 it was one of two robo-advisory firms to be granted a licence, or FinTech ExPermit, to test computerised investment consultancy services in Saudi Arabia. In October that year Wahed was granted a licence to operate in Malaysia, making it the third licensed robo-advisory firm in the country.
The other robo-advisory company that was granted a licence to operate in Saudi Arabia in July 2019 was sharia-compliant start-up Haseed Investing Company, which has taken advantage of recent advances in the fintech ecosystem in GCC countries. In November 2018 it was one of 23 start-ups to complete the second 12-week accelerator programme FinTech Hive, which is run by the Dubai International Financial Centre.
Malaysian Market
Robo-advisory platforms offer a transparent and easy route to wealth management for retail customers in countries seeing growth in prosperity. One such market is Malaysia, with the Securities Commission Malaysia launching its digital investment-management framework in 2017 and granting licences to three robo-advisory firms since then. Summing up the appeal of the new market, Michele Ferrario, co-founder and group CEO of StashAway, told local press, “When you think about how 43% of gross financial assets in Malaysia are in bank deposits, it is clear that current investment options are not working, making it difficult for Malaysians to build their longterm wealth through intelligent investing.”
In June 2019 the Malaysian-headquartered software firm Silverlake Digital formed a joint venture with Money Design, a Japanese fintech company, to offer the robo-advisory service MYTHEO. As of the end of June 2019 Money Design’s first service THEO – established for the Japanese market – had 60,000 customers and $300m in assets under management.
Demographic Drivers
One of the main perceived strengths of robo-advisory technology is its appeal to younger generations of investors who are comfortable with mobile transactions and expect to see transparent updates on the performance of their investments. This suggests that the platform has significant potential in emerging economies with relatively youthful demographics. The potential size of the market offers signs of encouragement, with a 2019 report by US market research firm Cerulli Associates estimating that millennials in the US alone stood to inherit $68trn in assets from their parents over the next 25 years. Of this cohort, 80% are forecast to choose new investment advisers. An even more lucrative market could well be found in China, where the middle class is growing rapidly. According to consultancy firm GlobalData, 8.3m people will join the ranks of China’s affluent demographic by 2023, with their combined assets of $1.7trn providing another attractive market for robo-advisers.
