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More from Panama

Panamá enfrenta dudas por transparencia


Panama | Tax

Economic Update

Published 10 Dec 2014

In English

Aunque un enfrentamiento entre Panamá y Colombia por la regulación de sus flujos financieros bilaterales se solucionó provisoriamente unas semanas tras estallar en octubre, quedan interrogantes sobre el delicado tema de la evasión tributaria a largo plazo.

En la disputa Colombia declaró oficialmente que Panamá es un paraíso fiscal, pese a las fuertes protestas panameñas. La tercera mayor economía de América Latina llegó a un acuerdo para revertir su decisión, bajo la condición de que ambos países tendrán un diálogo más amplio sobre el acceso a información financiera. Aunque por ahora reina la calma, el enfrentamiento ha puesto en duda la forma en que Panamá administra su gran e importante centro financiero.

Una cuestión de impuestos

El origen de la disputa radica en la Ley de Cumplimiento Fiscal de Cuentas en el Extranjero de Estados Unidos, o FATCA por sus siglas en inglés, una herramienta clave en la lucha de este país contra la evasión tributaria.

La ley obliga a los bancos no estadounidenses a informar intereses devengados por cuentas pertenecientes a ciudadanos estadounidenses al Servicio de Impuestos Internos. Los países cuyos ciudadanos podrían estar enviando dinero al exterior para evitar pagar impuestos locales tienden a apoyar las legislaciones como FATCA, aunque aquellos que se benefician de grandes entradas de capitales suelen ser menos entusiastas. FATCA entró en vigor en 2010, tras un escándalo relacionado con el supuesto ocultamiento de datos pertenecientes a titulares de cuentas estadounidenses por parte del banco suizo UBS.

Según el sitio web estadounidense taxanalysts.com, “la causa del problema [entre Colombia y Panamá]… es declarar o no datos bancarios bajo los lineamientos de FATCA. Colombia los desea desesperadamente. Panamá no quiere tener nada que ver con ellos.”

Las autoridades colombianas estiman que entre USD 2 mil millones y USD 7 mil millones se pierden todos los años a través personas que envían dinero al exterior para evitar pagar impuestos. Se calcula que el total enviado al extranjero asciende a unos USD 50 mil millones. Gran parte de esa suma se encontraría en Panamá, que comparte una frontera con Colombia.

Colombia propuso implementar un Acuerdo de Intercambio de Información Tributaria, o TEIA por sus siglas en inglés, similar a FATCA, para enfrentar el problema. Sin embargo, hasta ahora Panamá se ha rehusado a participar en las negociaciones, lo que motivó a Colombia a poner al país en su lista de paraísos fiscales. Tal medida haría que los impuestos a los activos colombianos en Panamá suban de 10% a 33%.

En octubre se llegó a un acuerdo en que el TIEA volvió a estar presente en la agenda. “Estamos firmando el decreto que sacará a Panamá de la lista de paraísos fiscales, tras firmar un memorando de entendimiento donde se compromete con un plazo para las negociaciones”, dijo el presidente colombiano Juan Manuel Santos. Los colombianos ahora esperan que el TEIA con Panamá se negocie en septiembre de 2015.

Contexto Global

Panamá insiste en que no se hace responsable de la aplicación de las regulaciones tributarias de otros países. También propone cláusulas “automáticas” para compartir información y se reserva el derecho a negociar acuerdos bilaterales caso a caso. El debate al interior del país, sin embargo, es si esto representa una respuesta apropiada a la tendencia global hacia una mayor transparencia financiera.

Panamá pertenece a un pequeño grupo de países que no ha firmado un acuerdo OCDE de reparto automático de información financiera. Eduardo Morgan, ex embajador panameño en Washington, ha defendido esa postura con fuerza, diciendo: “… en Panamá tenemos debido proceso, privacidad, normas constitucionales. No podemos ser los recaudadores de impuestos de otros países. Lo que [Colombia y la OCDE] quieren es que abramos nuestros bancos para liquidar a Panamá como sector bancario competitivo”.

Sin embargo, Carlos Barsallo, ex presidente de la Comisión Nacional de Valores, fue más prudente. “Defender esta posición sobre la base de nuestra soberanía y patriotismo es emotivo y entendible, pero insuficiente”, dijo. “Tiene que haber un plan B, apropiado para los tiempos actuales. Todos los centros financieros internacionales han entendido eso”.

La presión por una mayor transparencia también se siente en el sector asegurador. Katherine Arjona, subdirectora de la Superintendencia de Seguros y Reaseguros de Panamá, SSRP, dijo hace poco que serán implementadas regulaciones en el primer trimestre de 2015, con el fin de alinear a Panamá con los estándares internacionales. En la actualidad, Panamá no cumple con un importante número de las 40 recomendaciones contra el lavado de dinero, financiamiento del terrorismo y reporte de transacciones sospechosas del Grupo de Acción Financiera contra el Lavado de Dinero, o FATF por sus siglas en inglés. Arjona reconoció que se necesita actuar para mejorar la reputación de Panamá.

Aunque Panamá está al tope de varias listas que miden el desempeño de las economías latinoamericanas, el riesgo a su reputación producto de su excesivo secretismo podría tener serias implicancias para el país. En un informe que podría considerarse positivo publicado en octubre, la agencia calificadora estadounidense

Standard & Poor’s dijo que la disputa con Colombia y la inclusión de Panamá en la lista de incumplimiento de la FATF son indicadores de la presión sobre el nuevo gobierno para alinear al gran sector financiero con el cambiante panorama global. Más allá de la presión internacional, mantener un sector bancario altamente competitivo, y al mismo tiempo proporcionando información financiera más detallada a otros países, podría terminar siendo un verdadero malabarismo.

 

Panama faces disclosure questions

En Español

While a disagreement between Panama and neighbouring Colombia on regulating bilateral financial flows was temporarily patched up within weeks after it began in October, question marks remain over the sensitive issue of tackling tax evasion longer term.

During the disagreement, Colombia officially declared Panama a tax haven, despite vigorous protests from the Panamanian side. Latin America’s third largest economy agreed only to reverse its decision on the understanding that wider talks would be held between the two countries on sharing financial information. While the ground has been smoothed for now, the standoff has raised questions about how Panama manages its large and economically important financial centre.

A taxing topic

At the heart of the dispute sits a piece of American legislation, known as the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), which is a key tool used by the US in its fight against tax evasion.

The law requires non-US banks to report interest earned on accounts held by US citizens to the Inland Revenue Service. Countries whose citizens might be sending money abroad to avoid paying domestic taxes tend to support FATCA-type legislation, while those benefitting from large financial inflows are usually less enthusiastic. FATCA was introduced in 2010 in the wake of a scandal involving the alleged concealment by Swiss bank UBS of data about US account holders.

According to US-based website taxanalysts.com “the root of the problem [between Colombia and Panama]… is FATCA-style reporting of bank data, or the lack of it. Colombia wants it badly; Panama wants nothing to with it.”

The Colombian authorities estimate that between $2bn and $7bn is lost each year through citizens sending money overseas to avoid paying taxes. The total sum held abroad is thought to be in the region of $50bn. Much of that money is believed to be held in Panama, which shares a border with Colombia.

Colombia has proposed putting in place a Tax Information Exchange Agreement (TIEA), along the lines of the FATCA, to address the issue. However, Panama has until now refused to enter into negotiations, prompting Colombia to place the country on its list of tax havens. Such a move would see taxes on Colombian assets in Panama increased from 10% to 33%.

Eventually a compromise was reached in October, which saw the TIEA put back on the agenda. “We are signing the decree through which we will remove Panama from the list of tax havens, after they sign a memorandum of understanding where they commit to a date by which to negotiate,” said Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos. The Colombians now expect a TIEA with Panama to be negotiated by September 2015.

Global context

Panama insists that it cannot be held responsible for enforcing the tax regulations of other countries. It also opposes “automatic” information-sharing clauses and reserves the right to negotiate case-by-case bilateral agreements. The debate within the country, however, is whether this marks an appropriate response to the global trend of greater financial disclosure.

Panama is one of a handful of countries that has failed to sign an OECD commitment to automatic financial information sharing. Eduardo Morgan, former Panamanian ambassador to Washington, has defended that stance robustly, saying: “…in Panama we have due process, privacy, constitutional norms. We cannot be any country’s tax collectors. What [Colombia and the OECD] want is that we open up our banks to finish off Panama as a competitive banking sector.”

However, Carlos Barsallo, former president of the National Securities Commission, was more measured. “To defend this position based on our sovereignty and patriotism is emotional, and understandable, but insufficient,” he said. “There has to be a Plan B, in keeping with the current times. All international financial centres have understood that.”

The pressure for greater disclosure is also being felt in the insurance sector. Katherine Arjona, deputy secretary at Panamanian insurance regulator SSRP, recently said regulations would be introduced in the first quarter of 2015, aimed at bringing Panama in line with international standards. At present, Panama is non-compliant on a significant number of the 40 recommendations against money laundering, terrorist financing and suspicious transaction reporting made by the inter-governmental Financial Action Task Force (FATF). Arjona acknowledged that action was needed to improve Panama’s reputation.

While Panama sits at the top of several lists rating the performance of Latin American economies, the reputational risk from excessive secrecy could have serious implications for the country. An otherwise positive report in October by US ratings agency, Standard & Poor’s, said the disagreement with Colombia and Panama’s inclusion on the FATF non-compliance list were indicators of the pressure that the new government was under to bring its large financial services sector in line with the changing global landscape. International pressures aside, maintaining a highly competitive banking sector, while providing other countries with more detailed financial information, could prove to be something of a balancing act.

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