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More from Mongolia

Mongolia Year in Review 2015


Mongolia | Economy

Economic Update

Published 29 Dec 2015

Mongolian

Like many of its emerging market peers, Mongolia felt the weight of falling commodities prices and weaker global demand in 2015. However, progress made in moving major mining and transport infrastructure projects forward is expected to pave the way for recovery in the near to medium term.

In particular, slower growth in China, the country’s largest export market, had a moderating effect on the Mongolian economy, with analysts forecasting slower growth in 2015. The World Bank put year-end growth at 2.3%, down from 7.8% in 2014, while the IMF and Standard & Poor’s (S&P) are projecting 3.5% growth for the year.

Looking ahead, projections are mixed for 2016. While ratings agency Fitch predicts growth of around 1%, on the back of an expected further weakening in commodities demand, the IMF has kept its forecast at around 3.6% and the Asian Development Bank expects GDP to expand by 3%.

Notable progress

Mongolia recorded some economic progress in 2015, narrowing its current account deficit (CAD) from 11.7% to an estimated 5% of GDP, according to the World Bank, in part due to lower imports and tighter monetary policy. In a note issued in mid-November, ratings agency Moody’s estimated that the CAD could fall as low as 3.2% by the end of the year.

Inflation also slowed during the year on the back of weaker domestic demand. By October, the rate of inflation had dropped to 3.4%, down from double-digit figures in late 2013.

The China effect

Weaker demand for commodities, especially from China, has taken its toll on Mongolia. Chinese imports dropped sharply in the fourth quarter of the year, down almost 20% year-on-year (y-o-y) in November, according to the General Administration of Customs, with lower sales expected to continue in early 2016.

With China receiving roughly 90% of Mongolian exports, persistent lower demand, particularly for coal, is expected to present significant downside risks to the Mongolian economy in the short to medium term.

Ratings outlook

In its latest investors’ note, issued in mid-November, Moody’s said slowing growth due to falling commodity prices, coupled with sizeable fiscal deficits and a thin import cover, had weighed on Mongolia’s credit quality. Moody’s held the government’s bond rating at “B2” and maintained the country’s negative outlook, in place since mid-2014.

Mongolia’s rating was supported by its strong growth potential and extensive natural resources, the agency said. It noted, however, that the economy remains susceptible to external risks, which are exacerbated by relatively low foreign exchange reserves and a dependence on commodities.

Fitch was also cautious about the immediate prospects for economic recovery, lowering its rating from “B+” to “B” in late November. According to Fitch, the downgrade was a response to continued pressure on external liquidity as a result of weaker commodity exports and limited capital inflows. However, in a positive development, the agency raised its outlook for Mongolia from negative to stable, noting that upside and downside risks were currently balanced.

November also saw S&P revise its credit rating for Mongolia, lowering its long-term sovereign credit note from “B+” to “B” early in the month.

Platform for growth

Investor confidence looks to be on the rise headed into 2016, after the government reached an agreement in May with investors on key issues related to the massive Oyu Tolgoi copper and gold mine expansion. Work on the second phase of the project had ground to a halt in 2013 when the two sides failed to reach agreement on taxes and construction costs.

As much as $9bn is expected to be channelled into developing the underground component of the venture, according to Rio Tinto, whose subsidiary Turquoise Hill Resources owns 66% of the mine.

Mongolia’s $4bn Tavan Tolgoi coking coal project is also on track to move ahead, with the parliament reportedly close to giving its final seal of approval to the venture.

Developments in both projects could see a strong inflow of foreign direct investment into the country, boosting investor confidence and laying the foundations for renewed growth in the medium term. According to S&P, if the projects come on-line as planned, they have the potential to significantly transform Mongolia’s external and fiscal profile in three to four years, assuming its terms of trade improve in tandem. Areas of the economy expected to benefit from heightened mining sector activity include construction, logistics and technical services.

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Монгол Улсын 2015 оныг дүгнэхүй

In English

Шинэ тутам хөгжиж буй бусад зах зээлийн адил Монгол Улс 2015 онд унасан таваарын үнэ, дэлхийн эрэлтийн сулралт зэргийг мэдэрсэн. Гэвч томоохон уул уурхай, тээврийн дэд бүтцийн хүрээнд гарсан төслүүд ойрын бөгөөд дунд хугацааны ирээдүйд сэргэлт авчрах төлөвтэй байна.

Ялангуяа тус улсын хамгийн том экспортын зах зээл болох Хятад улсын өсөлт удааширч, энэ нь Монголын эдийн засагт сөрөг нөлөө үзүүлж, шинжээч нар 2015 онд илүү удаан өснө гэж таамаглаж байсан. Дэлхийн банкны жилийн эцсийн өсөлтийг 2.3 хувь гэж тооцсон нь 2014 онд 7.8 хувь байснаас буурчээ. Гэвч Олон улсын валютын сан болон Стандарт энд Пүүр (S&P) нар энэ оны өсөлтийг 3.5 хувь гэж тооцжээ.

Урагш харахад 2016 оны төлөв холимог байна. Үнэлгээний агентлаг Фитч таваарын эрэлт буурахын хирээр 1 хувийн өсөлт хүлээж байгаа ч ОУВС өсөлтөө 3.6 хувь гэж таамаглан, Азийн хөгжлийн банк Монголын ДНБ-г 3 хувиар өснө гэж үзэж байна.

Онцлох шаардлагатай ахиц

Монгол Улс 2015 онд зарим эдийн засгийн ахиц гаргасан нь 11.7 хувь байсан төсвийн дутагдлыг ДНБ-ий 5 хувь хүргэж нөхсөн. Үүнийг Дэлхийн банк импортын бүтээгдэхүүнийг багасгаж, мөнгөний чанга бодлого явуулсантай холбоотой гэж тайлбарлав. Арваннэгдүгээр сарын дундуур гаргасан тайлан дээр Мүүдийз агентлаг (Moody’s) төсвийн дутагдал нь оны эцэс гэхэд 3.2 хувь болж буурч магадгүй гэж үзэж байна.

Дотоодын эрэлт сул байгаа тул оны төгсгөл гэхэд инфляци бас багассан байна. Аравдугаар сарын байдлаар инфляци 3.4 хувь болсон нь 2013 оны сүүл үед хоёр оронтой тоонд хүрч байснаас дорвитой бууралт болжээ.

Хятадын нөлөө

Таваарын эрэлт, ялангуяа Хятад улсаас сул болсон нь Монголд сөрөг нөлөө үзүүлэв. Хятадын импорт энэ оны дөрөвдүгээр улиралд огцом унаж, өмнөх жилийн арваннэгдүгээр сараас 20 хувь багассан ба 2016 оны эхээр бага борлуулалт үргэлжилсээр байна гэж Гаалийн ерөнхий газар мэдээлэв.

Хятад улс Монголын экспортын 90 гаруй хувийг хүлээн авдаг учир, тэдний нүүрсний болон бусад бүтээгдэхүүний хэрэгцээ хэсэгтээ бага байгаа нь Монголын эдийн засгийн хувьд ойрын болон дунд хугацааны томоохон эрсдэл болж магадгүй болоод байна.

Рэйтингийн төлөв

Арваннэгдүгээр сарын дунд гаргасан хөрөнгө оруулагчийн сүүлийн тэмдэглэл дээрээ Мүүдийз агентлаг Монголын зэрэглэлийн чанар нь таваарын үнэ унасан, сангийн төсвийн дутагдал, импортын хэмжээ багассан зэргээс болж буурч байна гэжээ. Тэд засгийн газрын бондыг “B2” рэйтингээр үнэлээд тус улсыг 2014 оны дунд үеэс хойш сөрөг төлөвтэй хэвээр байна гэж үзэв.

Монголын рэйтингийг хүчтэй өсөх боломж, байгалийн их хэмжээний баялаг нь өндөр байлгаж байна гэж агентлаг хэлсэн. Гэвч эдийн засаг нь гадны эрсдлээс хамааралтай байгаа, дээрээс нь гадаад валютын нөөц бага, таваарын үнэнд хэтэрхий хамааралтай байгаа гэж мэдэгдэв.

Фич агентлаг эдийн засгийн сэргэлт даруй ирнэ гэж мэдэгдэхээс болгоомжилж, тус улсын рэйтингийг арваннэгдүгээр сард “B+”-ээс “B” зэрэглэлд бууруулсан. Агентлагийн мэдэгдэж байгаагаар энэ бууралт нь таваарын экспорт суларч, дотогшоо ирэх капиталын хэмжээ багасантай холбоотой гэнэ. Гэвч сайн мэдээ гэвэл тус агентлаг Монголын төлвийг сөргөөс тогтвортой гэсэн үнэлгээ рүү шилжүүлж, эрсдэл болон боломж нь тэнцсэн гэж тэмдэглэжээ.

Арваннэгдүгээр сарын эхээр Эс-энд-Пи агентлаг Монгол Улсын зэрэглэлийг өөрчилж, урт хугацааны төрийн кредитийн зэрэглэлийг “B+”-ээс “B” рүү шилжүүлжээ.

Өсөлтийн тавцан

Тавдугаар сард Оюутолгойн зэс, алтны олборлолтыг өргөсгөх төслийн гол асуудлыг шийдвэрлэж, засгийн газар хөрөнгө оруулагчидтай зөвшилцөлд хүрсэн тул 2016 он гэхэд хөрөнгө оруулагчдын итгэл сэргэх хандлагатай байна. Төслийн хоёрдугаар шат нь 2013 онд хоёр тал татвар, барилгын зардал дээр хэлцэлд хүрч чадаагүйн улмаас зогсонги байдалд орсон юм.

Уурхайн 66 хувийг эзэмшигч Туркуаз Хилл компанийг эзэмшигч Рио Тинто компанийн мэдэгдсэнээр тус компанийн далд уурхайг хөгжүүлэхэд ойролцоогоор 9 тэрбум ам.доллар зарцуулагдах гэнэ.

Монголын 4 тэрбум Таван толгойн коксжуулсан нүүрсний төслийг хэрэгжүүлэгч компанитай хийх гэрээг засгийн газар шийдвэрлэж, мөн хөдөлгөөнд орох төлөвтэй байна.

Энэ хоёр төслийн хүрээнд тус улсад их хэмжээний гадны шууд хөрөнгө оруулалт орж ирэн, хөрөнгө оруулагчдын итгэлийг сэргээн, дунд хугацааны шинэчилсэн өсөлт авчирах боломжтой ажээ. Эс-энд-Пигийн мэдэгдэж байгаагаар энэ төсөл төлөвлөсөн хугацаандаа гүйцэж, худалдаа дагаж ирвэл Монголын гадны болон санхүүгийн зэрэглэлийг ирэх гурав дөрвөн жилд дорвитой өөрчлөх боломжтой гэнэ. Уул уурхайн салбарын хөгжлөөс өндөр үр шим хүртэх салбарууд нь барилга, тээвэр болон тоног төхөөрөмжийн үйлчилгээ гэнэ.

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